Install Python-tk Package
By andBefore we start with the tutorial on how to install Python packages, let us take a step back and understand the role packages play in the Python ecosystem. The beauty of Python is that we have a collection of modules and packages which have been created for a certain purpose and the fact that it is open-source makes it incredibly easy for one individual to build on top of another person’s work and create something useful. Thus, you can get a simple code for performing simple arithmetic operations or a group of code, called modules and packages, which can help perform data analysis, all on the internet.We will cover the following concepts in this tutorial.What are Modules and Packages?Consider writing code directly on the Python or IPython console. The definitions that we create(functions and variables) will be lost if we quit the console and enter it again. Therefore, in order to write a longer program, we might consider switching to a text editor to prepare an input for the interpreter and running it with that file as an input instead. This is known as writing a script.As a program gets longer, we may want it to split it into several small files for easier maintenance.
Also, we may want to use a handy function that we have written in several programs without copying its definition into each program. To support this, Python has a way to put a code definition in a file and use them in another script or directly in an interactive instance of the interpreter. Such a file is called a module; definitions from a module can be imported into other modules or in the program that we code.Packages can be considered as a collection of modules.
It is a way of structuring Python’s module namespace by using 'dotted module names'. For example, the module name matplotlib.pyplot designates a submodule named pyplot in a package named matplotlib.Packaging modules in such a way saves the author of different modules from having to worryabout each other’s global variable names and the use of dotted module names saves the author of multi-module packages from having to worry about each other’s module names. Importing Python packagesAs we know Python is an open-source project. The Python developers community make their codes available for others in the form of packages under the open source license.You will have access to some in-built packages such as, by default when you installed Python.You can import these packages in your code using the following syntax.
# Import a Python packageImport pandasSuppose we want to design a package (a collection of modules) for the uniform handling of various trading strategies and their data. There are many different data files based on data frequencies, so we may need to create and maintain a growing collection of modules for the conversion between the various data frequencies. Also, there are many different strategies and operations that we might need to perform.
Python 3 Tkinter Install
All of this put together means we would have to write a never-ending stream of modules to handle the combinatorics of data, strategies, and operations. Here’s a possible package structure to make our lives easier.strats/init.pydata/init.pyequity.pycurrency.pyoptions.py.strategies/init.pyrsi.pymacd.pysmalma.pyperatio.pyfundamentalindex.pystatisticalarbitrage.pyturtle.py.operations/init.pyperformanceanalytics.pydataconversion.py.Top-level packageInitialize strats packageSub-package for dataEquity moduleSub-package for strategiesRSI moduleSub-package for operationsWhen importing the package, Python searches through the directories in sys.path looking for the package subdirectory.
The init.py file is required to make Python treat the directories as containing packages. If we are to use this package, we can do so in the following manner: import strats.data.equityimport strats.strategies.statisticalarbitrageAbove statements loads the equity and statisticalarbitrage modules from the data and strategies sub-packages respectively under the strats package. So far, we understood how to import the packages, but how to install Python packages? Is there even a need to install them?
Let’s find out in the next section. What happens if the package is not installed?As we had mentioned previously, Python has certain built-in packages which are installed along with the installation of Python. But what about the packages that do not come along with Python installation. If you try to import such packages without installing them first you would get an error called 'ModuleNotFoundError'.For example, Backtrader is a Python package used for live trading and backtesting trading strategies. You can see the error when we try to import it. # import the packageimport backtraderThis is because ‘backtrader’ is not a built-in Python package and we tried to import it without installing it first. But where can you find these packages and how to install them?
In the next section of the tutorial on how to install Python packages, we will find out how. PyPI - Python Package IndexMost open source Python packages are made available through PyPI - Python Package Index. It is a repository of software for the Python programming language.
You can find the packages developed and shared by the Python community. You can also publish your package through PyPI.To install the packages from PyPI you would need a package installer. The recommended package installer for PyPI is ‘pip’. Pip is installed along when you install Python in your system. You need not worry about downloading or installing pip exclusively. However, we will still cover the installation of pip in the next section of ‘how to install Python packages tutorial’. Installing pipWe can install a pip via the command line by using the curl command, which downloads the pip installation perl script.
Curl -O it is downloaded, we need to execute it in the command prompt with the Python interpreter. Python get-pip.pyIf the above command fails on a Mac and Linux distribution due to permission issues (most likely because Python does not have permission to update certain directories on the file system. These directories are read-only by default to ensure that random scripts cannot mess with important files and infect the system with viruses), we may need to run following command. Sudo python get-pip.py Syntax to install a Python packageIn this section of ‘how to install Python packages’, we will understand how to use the following syntax to install a package using ‘pip’. `!pip install packagename`For example, to install the Backtrader package you have to replace the 'packagename' with 'backtrader'. # Install a Python package!pip install backtraderAfter installation, you can see a success message in the last line.
This means the package can now be imported and used in your code. There are a number of institutions along with individuals who use different versions of Python itself, so it goes without saying that there might be versions of packages too. Let’s find about package versions in the next section of the tutorial on ‘how to install Python packages’.
Version of the packagePyPI lets the developer submit any number of versions of the package. It holds a record for each combination of package name and version submitted in the repository.The 'backtrader' package also has different versions available. You can check for them.Using a different version of the Python packageIf you want to use a different version of the package, you can install that using the following command.Let us install the 1.9.68.122 version of the ‘backtrader’ package. # Install a specific version of the package!pip install backtrader1.9.68.122Check for the version of the packageYou can use the following syntax to check for the version of the package. `packagename.version`But first, you need to import the package. You can check for the version of the 'backtrader' package as follows.
Contents.Description As with most other modern Tk bindings, Tkinter is implemented as a Python wrapper around a complete interpreter embedded in the Python interpreter. Tkinter calls are translated into Tcl commands which are fed to this embedded interpreter, thus making it possible to mix Python and Tcl in a single application.There are several popular GUI library alternatives available, such as, , and.Some definitions This term has different meanings in different contexts, but in general it refers to a rectangular area somewhere on the user's display screen.Top Level Window A window that exists independently on the screen. It will be decorated with the standard frame and controls for the desktop manager. It can be moved around the desktop, and can usually be resized.Widget The generic term for any of the building blocks that make up an application in a graphical user interface. Core widgets: The containers: frame, toplevel, paned window. The buttons: button, radiobutton, checkbutton (checkbox), menubutton (combobox).
The text widgets: label, labelframe, message, text. The entry widgets: scale, scroll, listbox, slider, spinbox, entry (singleline), text (multiline), and canvas (vector and pixel graphics). There are the extension widgets: tkoptionMenu, tkdialog, tkmessageBox, tkgetOpenFile, tkgetSaveFile, tkchooseColor, tkchooseDirectory. Python 2.7 and Python 3.1 incorporate the 'themed Tk' ('ttk') functionality of Tk 8.5. This allows Tk widgets to be easily themed to look like the native desktop environment in which the application is running, thereby addressing a long-standing criticism of Tk (and hence of Tkinter).Frame In Tkinter, the Frame widget is the basic unit of organization for complex layouts.
A frame is a rectangular area that can contain other widgets.Child and parent When any widget is created, a parent-child relationship is created. For example, if you place a text label inside a frame, the frame is the parent of the label.A minimal application Here is a minimal Python 3 application with one widget: (For Python 2, the only difference is the word 'tkinter' in the import command will be capitalized to '.' 1 #!/usr/bin/env python3 2 from tkinter import.
3 root = Tk # Create the root (base) window 4 w = Label ( root, text = 'Hello, world!' ) # Create a label with words 5 w. Pack # Put the label into the window 6 root. Mainloop # Start the event loopProcess There are four stages to creating a widgetCreate create it within a frame Configure change the widgets attributes Pack pack it into position so it becomes visible Bind bind it to a function or event.These are often compressed and the order can vary.Simple application Using the object orientated paradigm in Python, a simple program would be (requires Tcl version 8.6, which is not used by Python on MacOS by default).
1 #!/usr/bin/env python3 2 import tkinter as tk 3 4 class Application ( tk. Frame ): 5 6 def init ( self, master = None ): 7 super ( Application, self ).
init ( master ) 8 self. Grid 9 self. CreateWidgets 10 11 def createWidgets ( self ): 12 self. MondialLabel = tk. Label ( self, text = 'Hello World' ) 13 self. Config ( bg = '#00ffff' ) 14 self. Grid 15 self.
QuitButton = tk. Button ( self, text = 'Quit', command = self. Quit ) 16 self. Grid 17 18 app = Application 19 app. Title ( 'Sample application' ) 20 app.
Retrieved 2009-03-12. Shipman, John W. (2010-12-12), New Mexico Tech Computer Center, retrieved 2012-01-11. Archived from on 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-11-13. CS1 maint: archived copy as title. Fleck, Dan.
George Mason University. Retrieved 18 August 2018. Klein, Bernd. Retrieved 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2017-06-07.External links., Python Wiki.
Install Python Tk Package
Lundh, Fredrik (1999),.: includes language-neutral and Python-specific information and a tutorial. Ferg, Stephen.