1. Where Is Voyager 1 Now 2018
2. Voyager Programma Televisivo Series

→Voyager 2 is a launched by on August 20, 1977, to study the. Part of the, it was launched 16 days before its twin, on a trajectory that took longer to reach and but enabled further encounters with. It is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these two planets.

Voyager 2 is the to achieve the Solar, which will allow it to.Its primary mission ended with the on October 2, 1989, after having visited the in 1986, the in 1981, and the in 1979. Voyager 2 is now in its extended mission to study the outer reaches of the Solar System and has been operating for 42 years, 5 months and 8 days as of January 28, 2020. It remains in contact through the.At a distance of 122 AU (1.83 ×10 10 km) (about 16:58 light-hours) from the Sun as of November 5, 2018, moving at a velocity of 15.341 km/s (55,230 km/h) relative to the Sun, Voyager 2 left the, and entered the (ISM), a region of beyond the influence of the, joining Voyager 1 which had reached the interstellar medium in 2012. Voyager 2 has begun to provide the first direct measurements of the density and temperature of the interstellar plasma.

Contents.History Background In the early space age, it was realized that a periodic alignment of the outer planets would occur in the late 1970s and enable a single probe to visit, and by taking advantage of the then-new technique of. Began work on a, which evolved into a massive project involving two groups of two probes each, with one group visiting Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto and the other Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. The spacecraft would be designed with redundant systems to ensure survival through the entire tour. By 1972 the mission was scaled back and replaced with two Mariner-derived spacecraft, the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. To keep apparent lifetime program costs low, the mission would include only flybys of Jupiter and Saturn, but keep the Grand Tour option open.: 263 As the program progressed, the name was changed to Voyager.The primary mission of Voyager 1 was to explore Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's moon,. Voyager 2 was also to explore Jupiter and Saturn, but on a trajectory that would have the option of continuing on to Uranus and Neptune, or being redirected to Titan as a backup for Voyager 1. Upon successful completion of Voyager 1's objectives, Voyager 2 would get a mission extension to send the probe on towards Uranus and Neptune.

Spacecraft design Constructed by the (JPL), Voyager 2 included 16 thrusters, and celestial referencing instruments (Sun sensor/ Star Tracker) to maintain pointing of the toward Earth. Collectively these instruments are part of the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS) along with redundant units of most instruments and 8 backup thrusters. The spacecraft also included 11 scientific instruments to study celestial objects as it traveled through space. Communications Built with the intent for eventual interstellar travel, Voyager 2 included a large, 3.7 m (12 ft) parabolicto transceive data via the on. Communications are conducted over the (about 13 cm wavelength) and (about 3.6 cm wavelength) providing data rates as high as 115.2 kilobits per second at the distance of Jupiter, and then ever-decreasing as the distance increased, because of the.

When the spacecraft, the Digital Tape Recorder (DTR) can record about 64 megabytes of data for transmission at another time. Power Voyager 2 is equipped with 3 (MHW RTG). Each RTG includes 24 pressed plutonium oxide spheres, and provided enough heat to generate approximately 157 W of electrical power at launch.

Collectively, the RTGs supplied the spacecraft with 470 watts at launch (halving every 87.7 years), and will allow operations to continue until at least 2020. RTG unitAttitude control and propulsion Because of the energy required to achieve a Jupiter trajectory boost with an 1,819-pound (825 kg) payload, the spacecraft included a propulsion module made of a 2,476-pound (1,125 kg) solid-rocket motor and eight hydrazine engines, four providing pitch and yaw attitude control, and four for roll control. The propulsion module was jettisoned shortly after the successful Jupiter burn.Sixteen hydrazine MR-103 thrusters on the mission module provide attitude control. Four are used to execute trajectory correction maneuvers; the others in two redundant six-thruster branches, to stabilize the spacecraft on its three axes. Only one branch of attitude control thrusters is needed at any time.Thrusters are supplied by a single 28-inch (70 cm) diameter spherical titanium tank. It contained 230 pounds (100 kg) of hydrazine at launch, providing enough fuel until 2034.

Scientific instruments. Principal investigator: Bradford Smith / University of Arizona. Data:,Radio Science System( disabled)( RSS)Utilized the telecommunications system of the Voyager spacecraft to determine the physical properties of planets and satellites (ionospheres, atmospheres, masses, gravity fields, densities) and the amount and size distribution of material in Saturn's rings and the ring dimensions.

Principal investigator: G. Tyler / Stanford University. Data:, ( ),Infrared( disabled)( IRIS)Investigates both global and local energy balance and atmospheric composition. Vertical temperature profiles are also obtained from the planets and satellites as well as the composition, thermal properties, and size of particles in.

Principal investigator: Rudolf Hanel / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Data:, (, )Ultraviolet( disabled)( UVS)Designed to measure atmospheric properties, and to measure radiation.

Principal investigator: A. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons Mission profile Images of trajectoryVoyager 2 's trajectory from the earth, following the ecliptic through 1989 at Neptune and now heading south into the constellationPath viewed from above the solar systemPath viewed from side, showing distance below ecliptic in grayTimeline of travelDateEvent1977-08-20Spacecraft launched at 14:29:00 UTC.1977-12-10Entered.1977-12-19overtakes Voyager 2.

1978-06Primary radio receiver fails. Plot of Voyager 2 's heliocentric velocity against its distance from the Sun, illustrating the use of gravity assists to accelerate the spacecraft by Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. To observe, Voyager 2 passed over Neptune's north pole, resulting in an acceleration out of the plane of the ecliptic, and, as a result, a reduced velocity relative to the Sun.Voyager 1's initial orbit had an aphelion of 8.9 AU, just a little short of Saturn's orbit of 9.5 AU. Voyager 2′s initial orbit had an aphelion of 6.2 AU, well short of Saturn's orbit.In April 1978, a complication arose when no commands were transmitted to Voyager 2 for a period of time, causing the spacecraft to switch from its primary radio receiver to its backup receiver. Sometime afterwards, the primary receiver failed altogether. The backup receiver was functional, but a failed capacitor in the receiver meant that it could only receive transmissions that were sent at a precise frequency, and this frequency would be affected by the Earth's rotation (due to the ) and the onboard receiver's temperature, among other things.

For each subsequent transmission to Voyager 2, it was necessary for engineers to calculate the specific frequency for the signal so that it could be received by the spacecraft.Encounter with Jupiter. The trajectory of Voyager 2 through the Jovian systemVoyager 2 's closest approach to Jupiter occurred at 22:29 UT on July 9, 1979. It came within 570,000 km (350,000 mi) of the planet's cloud tops.Jupiter's was revealed as a complex storm moving in a counterclockwise direction. Other smaller storms and eddies were found throughout the banded clouds.Voyager 2 returned images of Jupiter, as well as its moons,. During a 10-hour 'volcano watch', it confirmed Voyager 1 's observations of active volcanism on the moon Io, and revealed how the moon's surface had changed in the four months since the previous visit.

Together, the Voyagers observed the eruption of nine volcanoes on Io, and there is evidence that other eruptions occurred between the two Voyager fly-bys.Jupiter's moon displayed a large number of intersecting linear features in the low-resolution photos from Voyager 1. At first, scientists believed the features might be deep cracks, caused by crustal rifting or tectonic processes. Closer high-resolution photos from Voyager 2, however, were puzzling: the features lacked topographic relief, and one scientist said they 'might have been painted on with a felt marker'.

Europa is internally active due to tidal heating at a level about one-tenth that of Io. Europa is thought to have a thin crust (less than 30 km (19 mi) thick) of water ice, possibly floating on a 50-kilometer-deep (30 mile) ocean.Two new, small satellites, and, were found orbiting just outside the ring. A third new satellite, was discovered between the orbits of and Io. Main article:The closest approach to Saturn occurred on August 26, 1981.While passing behind Saturn (as viewed from Earth), Voyager 2 probed Saturn's upper atmosphere with its radio link to gather information on atmospheric temperature and density profiles. Voyager 2 found that at the uppermost pressure levels (seven of pressure), Saturn's temperature was 70 (−203 °C), while at the deepest levels measured (120 kilopascals) the temperature increased to 143 K (−130 °C). The north pole was found to be 10 kelvins cooler, although this may be seasonal ( see also ).After the fly-by of Saturn, the camera platform of Voyager 2 locked up briefly, putting plans to officially extend the mission to Uranus and Neptune in jeopardy.

The mission's engineers were able to fix the problem (caused by an overuse that temporarily depleted its lubricant), and the Voyager 2 probe was given the go-ahead to explore the Uranian system. Main article:The closest approach to Uranus occurred on January 24, 1986, when Voyager 2 came within 81,500 kilometers (50,600 mi) of the planet's cloudtops. Voyager 2 also discovered 11 previously unknown moons:,. The mission also studied the planet's unique atmosphere, caused by its of 97.8°; and examined the.

The length of a day on Uranus as measured by Voyager 2 is 17 hours, 14 minutes. Uranus was shown to have a magnetic field that was misaligned with its rotational axis, unlike other planets that had been visited to that point, and a helix-shaped magnetic tail stretching 10 million kilometers (6 million miles) away from the Sun.When Voyager 2 visited Uranus, much of its cloud features were hidden by a layer of haze; however, false-color and contrast-enhanced images show bands of concentric clouds around its south pole. This area was also found to radiate large amounts of ultraviolet light, a phenomenon that is called 'dayglow'. The average atmospheric temperature is about 60 K (−350°/−213°).

Surprisingly, the illuminated and dark poles, and most of the planet, exhibit nearly the same temperatures at the cloud tops.Detailed images from Voyager 2 's flyby of the Uranian moon showed huge canyons made from. One suggests that Miranda might consist of a reaggregation of material following an earlier event when Miranda was shattered into pieces by a violent impact.Voyager 2 discovered two previously-unknown Uranian rings.

Measurements showed that the Uranian rings are distinctly different from those at Jupiter and Saturn. The Uranian ring system might be relatively young, and it did not form at the same time that Uranus did. The particles that make up the rings might be the remnants of a moon that was broken up by either a high-velocity impact.

Main article:Following a mid-course correction in 1987, Voyager 2 's closest approach to Neptune occurred on August 25, 1989. Through repeated computerized test simulations of trajectories through the Neptunian system conducted in advance, flight controllers determined the best way to route Voyager 2 through the Neptune-Triton system. Since the plane of the orbit of Triton is tilted significantly with respect to the plane of the ecliptic, through mid-course corrections, Voyager 2 was directed into a path about 4950 kilometers (3000 mi) above the north pole of Neptune. Five hours after Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Neptune, it performed a close fly-by of, the larger of Neptune's two originally known moons, passing within about 40,000 kilometers (25,000 mi).Voyager 2 discovered previously unknown Neptunian rings, and confirmed six new moons:,. While in the neighborhood of Neptune, Voyager 2 discovered the ', which has since disappeared, according to observations by the.

The Great Dark Spot was later hypothesized to be a region of clear gas, forming a window in the planet's high-altitude methane cloud deck.With the decision of the to reclassify as a in 2006, the flyby of Neptune by Voyager 2 in 1989 became the point when every known planet in the Solar System had been visited at least once by a space probe. Map showing location and trajectories of the, and Voyager 2 spacecraft, as of April 4, 2007.In 1992, Voyager 2 observed the nova in the far-ultraviolet.In July 1994, an attempt was made to observe the impacts from fragments of the comet with Jupiter. The craft's position meant it had a direct line of sight to the impacts and observations were made in the ultraviolet and radio spectrum. Voyager 2' failed to detect anything with calculations showing that the fireballs were just below the craft's limit of detection.On November 29, 2006, a telemetered command to Voyager 2 was incorrectly decoded by its on-board computer—in a random error—as a command to turn on the electrical heaters of the spacecraft's magnetometer. These heaters remained turned on until December 4, 2006, and during that time, there was a resulting high temperature above 130 °C (266 °F), significantly higher than the magnetometers were designed to endure, and a sensor rotated away from the correct orientation.

As of this date it had not been possible to fully diagnose and correct for the damage caused to Voyager 2's magnetometer, although efforts to do so were proceeding.On August 30, 2007, Voyager 2 passed the and then entered into the, approximately 1 billion miles (1.6 billion km) closer to the Sun than Voyager 1 did. This is due to the of deep space. The southern hemisphere of the Solar System's heliosphere is being pushed in.On April 22, 2010, Voyager 2 encountered scientific data format problems. On May 17, 2010, JPL engineers revealed that a flipped bit in an on-board computer had caused the issue, and scheduled a bit reset for May 19. On May 23, 2010, Voyager 2 resumed sending science data from deep space after engineers fixed the flipped bit. Currently research is being made into marking the area of memory with the flipped bit off limits or disallowing its use. The Low-Energy Charged Particle Instrument is currently operational, and data from this instrument concerning is being transmitted to Earth.

This data permits measurements of the. There has also been a modification to the on-board flight software to delay turning off the AP Branch 2 backup heater for one year. It was scheduled to go off February 2, 2011 (DOY 033, 2011–033).On July 25, 2012, Voyager 2 was traveling at 15.447 km/s relative to the at about 99.13 astronomical units (1.4830 ×10 10 km) from the Sun, at −55.29° and 19.888 h, and also at an ecliptic latitude of −34.0 degrees, placing it in the constellation as observed from Earth. This location places it deep in the, and traveling outward at roughly 3.264 AU per year. It is more than twice as far from the Sun as, and far beyond the of, but not yet beyond the outer limits of the orbit of the.On September 9, 2012, 'Voyager 2 was 99.077 AU (1.48217 ×10 10 km; 9.2098 ×10 9 mi) from the Earth and 99.504 AU (1.48856 ×10 10 km; 9.2495 ×10 9 mi) from the Sun; and traveling at 15.436 km/s (34,530 mph) (relative to the Sun) and traveling outward at about 3.256 AU per year. Sunlight takes 13.73 hours to get to Voyager 2.

The brightness of the Sun from the spacecraft is magnitude -16.7. Voyager 2 is heading in the direction of the constellation. – (To compare, the closest star to the Sun, is about 4.2 (or 2.65 ×10 5 AU) distant. Voyager 2's current relative velocity to the Sun is 15.436 km/s (55,570 km/h; 34,530 mph). This calculates as 3.254 AU per year, about 10% slower than Voyager 1. At this velocity, 81,438 years would pass before Voyager 2 reaches the nearest star, were the spacecraft traveling in the direction of that star.

Where Is Voyager 1 Now 2018

(Voyager 2 will need about 19,390 years at its current velocity to travel a complete light year)On November 7, 2012, Voyager 2 reached 100 AU from the sun, making it the third human-made object to reach 100 AU. Voyager 1 was 122 AU from the Sun, and Pioneer 10 is presumed to be at 107 AU. While Pioneer has ceased communications, both the Voyager spacecraft are performing well and are still communicating.In 2013, Voyager 1 was escaping the Solar System at a speed of about 3.6 AU per year, while Voyager 2 was only escaping at 3.3 AU per year. (Each year Voyager 1 increases its lead over Voyager 2.)By February 25, 2019, Voyager 2 was at a distance of 120 AU (1.80 ×10 10 km) from the Sun.

There is a variation in distance from Earth caused by the Earth's revolution around the Sun relative to Voyager 2.It was originally thought that Voyager 2 would enter interstellar space in early 2016, with its plasma spectrometer providing the first direct measurements of the density and temperature of the interstellar plasma. In December 2018, the Voyager project scientist, announced that Voyager 2 reached interstellar space on November 5, 2018. The current position of Voyager 2 as of December 2018. Note the vast distances condensed into an exponential scale: Earth is 1 astronomical unit (AU) from the Sun; Saturn is at 10 AU, and the heliopause is at around 120 AU. Neptune is 30.1 AU from the Sun; thus the edge of interstellar space is around four times as far from the Sun as the last planet. Terminations and future of the probe Voyager 2 is not headed toward any particular star, although in roughly 42,000 years it will pass 1.7 light-years from the star.And if undisturbed for, Voyager 2 should pass by the star at a distance of 4.3 light-years.

Voyager 2 is expected to keep transmitting weak radio messages until at least the mid 2020s, more than 48 years after it was launched.As the power from the RTG slowly reduces, various items of equipment have been turned off on both spacecraft. The first science equipment turned off on Voyager 2 was the PPS in 1991, which saved 1.2 watts.

YearEnd of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations1998Termination of scan platform and UVS observations2007Termination of Digital Tape Recorder (DTR) operations (It was no longer needed due to a failure on the High Waveform Receiver on the Plasma Wave Subsystem (PWS) on June 30, 2002.)2008Power off Planetary Radio Astronomy Experiment (PRA)2016 approxTermination of operations?2019CRS heater turned off2020 approxInitiate instrument power sharing2025 or slightly afterwardsCan no longer power any single instrumentGolden record. Main article:Each Voyager space probe carries a gold-plated audio-visual disc in the event that either spacecraft is ever found by intelligent life-forms from other planetary systems. The discs carry photos of the Earth and its lifeforms, a range of scientific information, spoken greetings from the people (e.g. The Secretary-General of the United Nations and the President of the United States, and the children of the Planet Earth) and a medley, 'Sounds of Earth', that includes the sounds of whales, a baby crying, waves breaking on a shore, and a collection of music, including works by, 's ', and other Eastern and Western classics and ethnic performers. (see also )See also. Retrieved January 2, 2011. US National Space Science Data Center.

Retrieved August 25, 2013. Retrieved August 25, 2013. ^ Butrica, Andrew. Retrieved September 4, 2015.

Despite the name change, Voyager remained in many ways the Grand Tour concept, though certainly not the Grand Tour (TOPS) spacecraft. Voyager 2 was launched on August 20, 1977, followed by Voyager 1 on September 5, 1977. The decision to reverse the order of launch had to do with keeping open the possibility of carrying out the Grand Tour mission to Uranus, Neptune, and beyond.

Voyager 2, if boosted by the maximum performance from the Titan-Centaur, could just barely catch the old Grand Tour trajectory and encounter Uranus. Two weeks later, Voyager 1 would leave on an easier and much faster trajectory, visiting Jupiter and Saturn only. Voyager 1 would arrive at Jupiter four months ahead of Voyager 2, then arrive at Saturn nine months earlier. Hence, the second spacecraft launched was Voyager 1, not Voyager 2.

The two Voyagers would arrive at Saturn nine months apart, so that if Voyager 1 failed to achieve its Saturn objectives, for whatever reason, Voyager 2 still could be retargeted to achieve them, though at the expense of any subsequent Uranus or Neptune encounter. NASA May 2, 2011, at the. ^ Staff (September 9, 2012). Retrieved September 9, 2012. (November 4, 2019).

Retrieved November 4, 2019. Chang, Kenneth (November 4, 2019). Retrieved November 5, 2019. ^ Gill, Victoria (December 10, 2018). Retrieved December 10, 2018. ^ Brown, Dwayne; Fox, Karen; Cofield, Calia; Potter, Sean (December 10, 2018).

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July 23, 2011, at the Muller, Daniel, 2010. NASA, February 19, 1997. NASA, JPL, PDS. Sullivant, Rosemary (November 5, 2011). 2011-341., JPL Solar System Dynamics (Ephemeris Type ELEMENTS; Target Body: Voyager n (spacecraft); Center: Sun (body center); Time Span: launch + 1 month to Jupiter encounter - 1 month).

^ Henbest, Nigel (January 31, 1985). P. 24. Littmann, Mark (2004). P. 106. Davies, John (January 23, 1986). New Scientist.

P. 42. ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Science: Solar System Exploration. Updated 26 January 26, 2018. Accessed December 12, 2018.

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^ Elizabeth Landau (2016), January 22, 2016. Accessed December 11, 2018. ^ Voyager 2 Mission Team (2012) NASA Science: Solar System Exploration, December 14, 2012. Accessed December 11, 2018. Karkoschka, E. 'Voyager's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites'.

151 (1): 69–77. Russell, C. 'Planetary magnetospheres'. Reports on Progress in Physics. 56 (6): 687–732. Ukiah Daily Journal.

March 15, 1987. Retrieved December 6, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2016. Nardo 2002, p. 15.

^ NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory: California Institute of Technology. Accessed December 12, 2018. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved March 3, 2016. NASA Science: Solar System Exploration. Updated December 6, 2017.

Accessed December 12, 2018. ^ Elizabeth Howell (2016), June 30, 2016.

Accessed December 12, 2018. Phil Plait (2016), June 24, 2016. Accessed December 12, 2018. (1998) NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory: California Institute of Technology, August 2, 1998.

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Voyager Programma Televisivo Series

Associated Press. Retrieved May 17, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.

Peat, Chris. Heavens Above. Retrieved May 23, 2010. ^ Peat, Chris (September 9, 2012). Retrieved September 9, 2012.

Science News. September 12, 2013. Archived from on September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013. June 22, 2007.

Retrieved August 14, 2013. Bailer-Jones, Coryn A. L.; Farnocchia, Davide (April 3, 2019). 'Future stellar flybys of the Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft'. Research Notes of the AAS.

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Retrieved August 18, 2013.Further reading. Voyager Science Results at Saturn. Retrieved February 8, 2005. Voyager Science Results at Uranus. Retrieved February 8, 2005.

Nardo, Don (2002). Thomson Gale.External links has media related to.

→Voyager 1 is a launched by on September 5, 1977. Part of the to study the outer, Voyager 1 was launched 16 days after its twin,. Having operated for 42 years, 4 months and 14 days as of January 20, 2020, the spacecraft still communicates with the to receive routine commands and to transmit data to Earth. At a distance of 148.71 (22.2; 13.8 billion ) from Earth as of January 19, 2020 it is the most distant man-made object from Earth.The probe's objectives included flybys of, and Saturn's largest moon,. Although the spacecraft's course could have been altered to include a encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby, exploration of the moon took priority because it was known to have a substantial atmosphere. Voyager 1 studied the weather, magnetic fields, and rings of the two planets and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their.After completing its primary mission with the flyby of Saturn on November 12, 1980, Voyager 1 became the to achieve the required to.

On August 25, 2012, Voyager 1 became the first spacecraft to cross the and enter the.In a further testament to the robustness of Voyager 1, the Voyager team completed a successful test of the spacecraft's trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters in late 2017 (the first time these thrusters were fired since 1980), a project enabling the mission to be extended by two to three years.Voyager 1 's extended mission is expected to continue until about 2025 when its will no longer supply enough electric power to operate its scientific instruments. Contents.Mission background History In the 1960s, a to study the outer planets was proposed which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission in the early 1970s. Information gathered by the spacecraft helped Voyager's engineers design Voyager to cope more effectively with the intense radiation environment around Jupiter. However, shortly before launch, strips of kitchen-grade were applied to certain cabling to further enhance radiation shielding.Initially, Voyager 1 was planned as ' Mariner 11' of the. Due to budget cuts, the mission was scaled back to be a flyby of Jupiter and Saturn and renamed the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes. As the program progressed, the name was later changed to Voyager, since the probe designs began to differ greatly from previous Mariner missions. Spacecraft components.

The 3.7 m (12 ft) diameter used on the Voyager craftVoyager 1 was constructed by the. It has 16 thrusters, and to keep the probe's radio antenna pointed toward Earth. Collectively, these instruments are part of the Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS), along with redundant units of most instruments and 8 backup thrusters.

The spacecraft also included 11 scientific instruments to study celestial objects such as as it travels through space. Communication system The radio of Voyager 1 was designed to be used up to and beyond the limits of the. The communication system includes a 3.7-meter (12 ft) high gain to send and receive via the three stations on the Earth. The craft normally transmits data to Earth over Deep Space Network Channel 18, using a frequency of either 2.3 GHz or 8.4 GHz, while signals from Earth to Voyager are transmitted at 2.1 GHz.When Voyager 1 is unable to communicate directly with the Earth, its digital recorder (DTR) can record about 67 megabytes of data for transmission at another time. Signals from Voyager 1 take over 20 hours to reach Earth.

Power Voyager 1 has three (RTGs) mounted on a boom. Each contains 24 pressed oxide spheres. The RTGs generated about 470 W of at the time of launch, with the remainder being dissipated as waste heat. The power output of the RTGs declines over time (due to the 87.7-year of the fuel and degradation of the thermocouples), but the craft's RTGs will continue to support some of its operations until 2025.

Model of an RTG unitAs of January 20, 2020, Voyager 1 has 71.54% of the plutonium-238 that it had at launch. By 2050, it will have 56.5% left.Computers Unlike the other onboard instruments, the operation of the cameras for is not autonomous, but rather it is controlled by an imaging parameter table contained in one of the on-board, the Flight Data Subsystem (FDS). Since the 1990s, most space probes have had completely cameras.The computer command subsystem (CCS) controls the cameras. The CCS contains fixed computer programs, such as command decoding, fault-detection and -correction routines, antenna pointing routines, and spacecraft sequencing routines. This computer is an improved version of the one that was used in the 1970s. The hardware in both custom-built CCS subsystems in the Voyagers is identical. There is only a minor software modification: one of them has a scientific subsystem that the other lacks.

The Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem (AACS) controls the spacecraft orientation (its ). It keeps the pointing towards, controls attitude changes, and points the scan platform. The custom-built AACS systems on both Voyagers are the same. Scientific instruments. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons Mission profile Timeline of travel Voyager 1 's trajectory seen from Earth, diverging from the ecliptic in 1981 at Saturn and now heading into the constellationDateEvent1977-09-05Spacecraft launched at 12:56:00 UTC.1977-12-10Entered.1977-12-19Voyager 1 overtakes.

Animation of Voyager 1 's trajectory from September 1977 to December 31, 1981Voyager 1 The Voyager 1 probe was launched on September 5, 1977, from Launch Complex 41 at the, aboard a. The probe had been launched two weeks earlier, on August 20, 1977. Despite being launched later, Voyager 1 reached both Jupiter and Saturn sooner, following a shorter trajectory.Voyager 1 's initial orbit had an aphelion of 8.9 AU, just a little short of Saturn's orbit of 9.5 AU. Voyager 2's initial orbit had an aphelion of 6.2 AU, well short of Saturn's orbit. Main article:Voyager 1 began photographing in January 1979.

Its closest approach to Jupiter was on March 5, 1979, at a distance of about 349,000 kilometers (217,000 miles) from the planet's center. Because of the greater photographic resolution allowed by a closer approach, most observations of the moons, rings, magnetic fields, and the environment of the Jovian system were made during the 48-hour period that bracketed the closest approach. Voyager 1 finished photographing the Jovian system in April 1979.Discovery of ongoing volcanic activity on the moon was probably the greatest surprise. It was the first time active volcanoes had been seen on another body in the.

It appears that activity on Io affects the entire. Io appears to be the primary source of matter that pervades the Jovian magnetosphere – the region of space that surrounds the planet influenced by the planet's strong., and, apparently erupted by Io's volcanoes and sputtered off the surface by impact of high-energy particles, were detected at the outer edge of the.The two Voyager space probes made a number of important discoveries about Jupiter, its satellites, its radiation belts, and its never-before-seen. Main article:The gravitational assist trajectories at Jupiter were successfully carried out by both Voyagers, and the two spacecraft went on to visit and its system of moons and rings. Voyager 1 encountered Saturn in November 1980, with the closest approach on November 12, 1980, when the space probe came within 124,000 kilometers (77,000 mi) of Saturn's cloud-tops.

The space probe's cameras detected complex structures in the, and its instruments studied the atmospheres of Saturn and its giant moon.Voyager 1 found that about seven percent of the volume of 's upper atmosphere is (compared with 11 percent of Jupiter's atmosphere), while almost all the rest is. Since Saturn's internal helium abundance was expected to be the same as Jupiter's and the Sun's, the lower abundance of helium in the upper atmosphere may imply that the heavier helium may be slowly sinking through Saturn's hydrogen; that might explain the excess heat that Saturn radiates over energy it receives from the Sun. Winds blow at high speeds in. Near the equator, the Voyagers measured winds about 500 m/s (1,100 ).

The wind blows mostly in an easterly direction.The Voyagers found -like emissions of at mid-latitudes in the atmosphere, and auroras at polar latitudes (above 65 degrees). The high-level auroral activity may lead to the formation of complex that are carried toward the. The mid-latitude auroras, which occur only in sunlit regions, remain a puzzle, since bombardment by electrons and ions, known to cause auroras on Earth, occurs primarily at high latitudes. Both Voyagers measured the (the length of a day) at 10 hours, 39 minutes, 24 seconds.Voyager 1's mission included a flyby of, Saturn's largest moon, which had long been known to have an atmosphere.

Images taken by in 1979 had indicated the atmosphere was substantial and complex, further increasing interest. The Titan flyby occurred as the spacecraft entered the system to avoid any possibility of damage closer to Saturn compromising observations, and approached to within 6,400 km (4,000 mi), passing behind Titan as seen from Earth and the Sun. Voyager's measurement of the atmosphere's effect on sunlight and Earth-based measurement of its effect on the probe's radio signal were used to determine the atmosphere's composition, density, and pressure. Titan's mass was also measured by observing its effect on the probe's trajectory. The thick haze prevented any visual observation of the surface, but the measurement of the atmosphere's composition, temperature, and pressure led to speculation that lakes of liquid hydrocarbons could exist on the surface.Because observations of Titan were considered vital, the trajectory chosen for Voyager 1 was designed around the optimum Titan flyby, which took it below the south pole of Saturn and out of the plane of the, ending its planetary science mission. Had Voyager 1 failed or been unable to observe Titan, Voyager 2's trajectory would have been altered to incorporate the Titan flyby,: 94 precluding any visit to Uranus and Neptune. The trajectory Voyager 1 was launched into would not have allowed it to continue on to Uranus and Neptune,: 155 but could have been altered to avoid a Titan flyby and travel from Saturn to, arriving in 1986.

The image showing Earth from 6 billion kilometers appearing as a tiny dot (the blueish-white speck approximately halfway down the brown band to the right) within the darkness of deep spaceOn February 17, 1998, Voyager 1 reached a distance of 69 AU from the Sun and overtook as the most distant spacecraft from Earth. Travelling at about 17 kilometers per second (11 mi/s) it has the fastest heliocentric of any spacecraft.As Voyager 1 headed for interstellar space, its instruments continued to study the Solar System. Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists used the experiments aboard Voyager 1 and 2 to look for the, the boundary at which the transitions into the. As of 2013, the probe was moving with a relative velocity to the Sun of about 17,030 meters per second (55,900 ft/s).With the velocity the probe is currently maintaining, Voyager 1 is traveling about 325 million miles (523 × 10 ^ 6 km) per year, or about one per 18,000 years.Termination shock. Close flybys of gas giants gave to both VoyagersScientists at the believe that Voyager 1 entered the in February 2003. This marks the point where the solar wind slows to subsonic speeds. Some other scientists expressed doubt, discussed in the journal of November 6, 2003.

The issue would not be resolved until other data became available, since Voyager 1 's solar-wind detector ceased functioning in 1990. This failure meant that termination shock detection would have to be inferred from the data from the other instruments on board.In May 2005, a NASA press release said that the consensus was that Voyager 1 was then in the. In a scientific session at the meeting in on May 25, 2005, Dr. Presented evidence that the craft crossed the termination shock in late 2004. This event is estimated to have occurred on December 15, 2004 at a distance of 94 AU from the Sun. Heliosheath On March 31, 2006, from in Germany tracked and received radio waves from Voyager 1 using the 20-meter (66 ft) dish at with a long integration technique.

Retrieved data was checked and verified against data from the station at Madrid, Spain. This seems to be the first such amateur tracking of Voyager 1.It was confirmed on December 13, 2010 that Voyager 1 had passed the reach of the radial outward flow of the, as measured by the Low Energy Charged Particle device. It is suspected that solar wind at this distance turns sideways because of interstellar wind pushing against the heliosphere. Since June 2010, detection of solar wind had been consistently at zero, providing conclusive evidence of the event. On this date, the spacecraft was approximately 116 AU or 10.8 billion miles (17.3 billion kilometers) from the Sun.Voyager 1 was commanded to change its orientation to measure the sideways motion of the solar wind at that location in space on March 2011 (33yr 6mo from launch).

A test roll done in February had confirmed the spacecraft's ability to maneuver and reorient itself. The course of the spacecraft was not changed. It rotated 70 degrees counterclockwise with respect to Earth to detect the solar wind. This was the first time the spacecraft had done any major maneuvering since the of the planets was taken in 1990. After the first roll the spacecraft had no problem in reorienting itself with, Voyager 1's guide star, and it resumed sending transmissions back to Earth. Voyager 1 was expected to enter interstellar space 'at any time'. Voyager 2 was still detecting outward flow of solar wind at that point but it was estimated that in the following months or years it would experience the same conditions as Voyager 1.The spacecraft was reported at 12.44° declination and 17.163 hours right ascension, and at an ecliptic latitude of 34.9° (the ecliptic latitude changes very slowly), placing it in the constellation as observed from the Earth on May 21, 2011.On December 1, 2011, it was announced that Voyager 1 had detected the first originating from the galaxy.

Lyman-alpha radiation had previously been detected from other galaxies, but because of interference from the Sun, the radiation from the Milky Way was not detectable.NASA announced on December 5, 2011, that Voyager 1 had entered a new region referred to as a 'cosmic purgatory'. Within this stagnation region, charged particles streaming from the Sun slow and turn inward, and the Solar System's magnetic field is doubled in strength as interstellar space appears to be applying pressure.

Energetic particles originating in the Solar System decline by nearly half, while the detection of high-energy electrons from outside increases 100-fold. The inner edge of the stagnation region is located approximately 113 AU from the Sun. Heliopause. Plot showing a dramatic decrease in the rate of particle detection by Voyager 1 (October 2011 through October 2012)NASA announced in June 2012 that the probe was detecting changes in the environment that were suspected to correlate with arrival at the. Voyager 1 had reported a marked increase in its detection of charged particles from interstellar space, which are normally deflected by the solar winds within the from the Sun. The craft thus began to enter the interstellar medium at the edge of the Solar System.Voyager 1 became the first spacecraft to cross the heliopause in August 2012, then at a distance of 121 AU from the Sun, although this was not confirmed for another year.As of September 2012, sunlight took 16.89 hours to get to Voyager 1 which was at a distance of 121 AU.

The of the Sun from the spacecraft was -16.3 (less than 30 times the brightness of the full moon). The spacecraft was traveling at 17.043 km/s (10.590 mi/s) relative to the Sun. It would need about 17,565 years at this speed to travel a. To compare, the closest star to the Sun, is about 4.2 ( 2.65 ×10 5 AU) distant.

Were the spacecraft traveling in the direction of that star, 73,775 years would pass before Voyager 1 reaches it. (Voyager 1 is heading in the direction of the constellation. )In late 2012, researchers reported that particle data from the spacecraft suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause. Measurements from the spacecraft revealed a steady rise since May in collisions with high energy particles (above 70 MeV), which are thought to be emanating from explosions far beyond the, with a sharp increase in these collisions in late August.

At the same time, in late August, there was a dramatic drop in collisions with low-energy particles, which are thought to originate from the Sun. Ed Roelof, space scientist at Johns Hopkins University and principal investigator for the Low-Energy Charged Particle instrument on the spacecraft declared that 'Most scientists involved with Voyager 1 would agree that these two criteria have been sufficiently satisfied.' However, the last criterion for officially declaring that Voyager 1 had crossed the boundary, the expected change in magnetic field direction (from that of the Sun to that of the interstellar field beyond), had not been observed (the field had changed direction by only 2 degrees ), which suggested to some that the nature of the edge of the heliosphere had been misjudged. On December 3, 2012, Voyager project scientist Ed Stone of the said, 'Voyager has discovered a new region of the heliosphere that we had not realized was there. We're still inside, apparently. But the magnetic field now is connected to the outside. So it's like a highway letting particles in and out.'

The magnetic field in this region was 10 times more intense than Voyager 1 encountered before the termination shock. It was expected to be the last barrier before the spacecraft exited the Solar System completely and entered interstellar space.In March 2013, it was announced that Voyager 1 might have become the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space, having detected a marked change in the plasma environment on August 25, 2012. However, until September 12, 2013, it was still an open question as to whether the new region was interstellar space or an unknown region of the Solar System. At that time, the former alternative was officially confirmed.In 2013 Voyager 1 was exiting the Solar System at a speed of about 3.6 AU per year, while Voyager 2 is going slower, leaving the Solar System at 3.3 AU per year. Each year Voyager 1 increases its lead over Voyager 2.Voyager 1 reached a distance of 135 AU from the Sun on May 18, 2016. By September 5, 2017, that had increased to about 139.64 AU from the Sun, or just over 19 light-hours, and at that time Voyager 2 was 115.32 AU from the Sun.Its progress can be monitored at NASA's website (see: External links). Simulated view of the Voyager probes relative to the Solar System and heliopause on August 2, 2018.Voyager 1 is expected to reach the theorized in about 300 years and take about 30,000 years to pass through it.

Though it is not heading towards any particular star, in about, it will pass within 1.6 of the star, which is at present in the. That star is generally moving towards the at about 119 km/s (430,000 km/h; 270,000 mph). NASA says that 'The Voyagers are destined—perhaps eternally—to wander the Milky Way.' In 300,000 years it will pass within less than 1 light year of the M3V star TYC 3135-52-1.Provided Voyager 1 does not collide with anything and is not retrieved, the space probe will never pass it, despite being launched from Earth at a faster speed than either Voyager spacecraft. The Voyager spacecraft benefited from multiple planetary flybys to increase their heliocentric velocities, whereas New Horizons received only a single such boost, from its Jupiter flyby. As of 2018, New Horizons is traveling at about 14 km/s, 3 km/s slower than Voyager 1, and is still slowing down.In December 2017 it was announced that NASA had successfully fired up all four of Voyager 1 's trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters for the first time since 1980.

The TCM thrusters will be used in the place of a degraded set of jets which were used to help keep the probe's antenna pointed towards the Earth. Use of the TCM thrusters will allow Voyager 1 to continue to transmit data to NASA for two to three more years. YearEnd of specific capabilities as a result of the available electrical power limitations2007Termination of plasma subsystem (PLS)2008Power off Planetary Radio Astronomy Experiment (PRA)2016Termination of scan platform and Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) observations2018 approx.Termination of Data Tape Recorder (DTR) operations (limited by ability to capture 1.4 kbit/s data using a 70 m/34 m antenna array; this is the minimum rate at which the DTR can read out data). As of May 2019, a 70 m/34 m/34 m/34 m antenna array is used for capturing the data. 2019–2020 approx.Termination of operations (previously 2017, but backup thrusters active for continuation of gyroscopic operations.)2020Start shutdown of science instruments (as of October 18, 2010 the order is undecided, however the Low-Energy Charged Particles, Cosmic Ray Subsystem, Magnetometer, and Plasma Wave Subsystem instruments are expected to still be operating)2025–2030Will no longer be able to power even a single instrument.Golden record.

Main article:Each Voyager space probe carries a gold-plated, should the spacecraft ever be found by intelligent life forms from other planetary systems. The disc carries photos of the and its lifeforms, a range of scientific information, spoken greetings from people such as the and the President of the United States and a medley, 'Sounds of Earth,' that includes the sounds of whales, a baby crying, waves breaking on a shore, and a collection of music including works by,. Other Eastern and Western classics are included, as well as various performances of indigenous music from around the world. The record also contains greetings in 55 different languages.

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